Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning and development. Once known as ADD (attention deficit disorder), it is now understood as a type of ADHD. ADHD affects an estimated 8.4% of children and 2.5% of adults. While ADHD is more frequently diagnosed in boys, it is thought to be underdiagnosed in girls and women, as symptoms can present differently. For example, boys often display hyperactivity, while girls may exhibit inattentive symptoms such as daydreaming.
ADHD symptoms can change over time and manifest differently in adults, with hyperactivity potentially decreasing and appearing as restlessness. Inattentive symptoms, however, may persist. Diagnosis involves a comprehensive evaluation, including symptom checklists, interviews, and a review of past and current functioning. To be diagnosed with ADHD, the symptoms must have been present before the age of 12 and must cause difficulties in more than one setting. While there is no cure for ADHD, treatments such as medication, behavioral therapy, and skills training can help manage symptoms and improve overall functioning. Recent studies suggest that exercise can also improve mental skills affected by ADHD.
