The Indian subcontinent, a physiographic region in South Asia, projects into the Indian Ocean, bordered by the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It mainly comprises India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are often used interchangeably, though the former is more geophysical, while the latter is more geopolitical; South Asia may also include Bhutan, the Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
The subcontinent is known for its diverse landscapes shaped by tectonic activity and monsoon patterns. The Himalayas act as a barrier to cold northern winds and capture moisture-laden monsoon winds, causing heavy rainfall in some areas and dry conditions in others. Major rivers such as the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra are crucial for irrigation and sustenance. Key attractions include the Taj Mahal, a symbol of love and Mughal architecture, and the Golden Temple in Amritsar, a holy city on the border of Pakistan. Other notable sites are the Red Fort in Delhi and ancient temples such as the Dambulla Cave Temple in Sri Lanka.
Recent developments include India's focus on becoming a fully developed nation by 2047, emphasizing technological innovation and partnerships. The Digital India Mission aims to harness AI for efficiency and empower communities, particularly in the FinTech industry. However, the region faces ongoing geopolitical tensions, such as the conflict between India and Pakistan, particularly in the Kashmir region. Recent events in January 2026 include allegations of involvement in the Islamabad Mosque bombing and drone activity across borders.
