GLP-1 agonists are a class of medications primarily used to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes and, in some cases, to treat obesity. These drugs mimic the action of the naturally occurring glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) hormone, which is released in the small intestine. By activating GLP-1 receptors throughout the body, particularly in pancreatic beta cells, the gastrointestinal tract, and the central nervous system, GLP-1 agonists trigger a cascade of physiological responses. This includes stimulating insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying, all of which contribute to improved glycemic control.
Beyond their effects on blood sugar, GLP-1 agonists also influence appetite and energy intake. They work in the brain to reduce appetite and promote feelings of fullness, which can lead to decreased food consumption and subsequent weight loss. While most GLP-1 agonists are administered via subcutaneous injection, oral formulations, such as oral semaglutide, have become available, offering greater convenience for patients. Recent research is exploring the potential of GLP-1 agonists for treating other conditions, including heart failure, chronic liver disease, and substance use disorders. However, the FDA requires a boxed warning on GLP-1 agonists due to the risk of thyroid C-cell tumors, and they are contraindicated in individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer.
