Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance, demonstrating expertise as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. Born out of wedlock near Vinci, Italy, he was educated in Florence and began his career there before serving Ludovico Sforza in Milan. Later, he worked again in Florence and Milan, and briefly in Rome. Leonardo spent his last three years in France, invited by Francis I, where he passed away.
Da Vinci's fame rests on his artistic achievements, and he is considered one of the greatest painters in Western art and a founder of the High Renaissance. Though many works are lost or unfinished, his "Mona Lisa" is the world's most famous painting, "The Last Supper" is the most reproduced religious painting, and his "Vitruvian Man" is a cultural icon. Beyond painting, Leonardo's notebooks contain drawings and notes on anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology, revealing his constant observation, experimentation, and invention. He was also skilled in geometry, mechanics, hydrodynamics, and optics.