Visual effects (VFX) involve creating or manipulating imagery outside a live-action shot for filmmaking and video production. VFX integrates live-action footage with other footage or computer-generated imagery (CGI) to create realistic visuals. These effects can make scenes that would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, or impossible to film in real life. While special effects (SFX) are created on set, VFX are added in post-production using computer software.
The history of VFX dates back to the late 19th century. One of the first known instances was in 1895 when Alfred Clark filmed a reenactment of the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots, using a "stop trick". Computer technology revolutionized VFX in the late 20th century. Films like Tron (1982) and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) significantly advanced CGI. Today, VFX is used in almost every film.
Current trends in VFX include the use of AI and machine learning to speed up processes like rotoscoping and environment generation. Real-time rendering, using game engines like Unreal Engine, is also gaining popularity for creating high-quality VFX quickly and cost-effectively. Virtual production, which employs LED walls instead of green screens, is another trend for achieving more natural lighting and reflections.
