Vacuum forming

The Mechanics of Vacuum Forming Vacuum forming serves as a cornerstone of efficient prototyping and custom storage creation. At its core, the process involves stretching a heated, pliable sheet of plastic over a mold, using atmospheric pressure to pull the material into every crevice. While the concept seems simple, achieving a clean release requires meticulous attention to the physical geometry of your model. Success hinges on anticipating how the plastic will shrink and grip your design. Defeating the Mechanical Lock The most common failure in a DIY workshop is the **undercut**. This occurs when any part of your model allows the cooling plastic to wrap underneath a lip or edge, essentially creating a permanent mechanical lock. To avoid this frustration, adopt a top-down perspective: if you cannot see every surface of your part from directly above, the plastic will likely trap your mold. Experts resolve this by integrating a **draft angle**. By adding even a subtle 1-degree slope to vertical walls, you ensure the plastic can slide free the moment you begin to pull. Managing Internal Air Pockets Concave surfaces present a unique hydraulic challenge. When a plastic sheet seals the top of a hollow or recessed area, it creates a trapped volume of air. Without an escape route, this air pocket prevents the plastic from conforming to the mold's internal details. The solution is remarkably simple: **air holes**. Drilling tiny, strategically placed vents through the bottom of the mold allows the vacuum to pull air out from the inside, ensuring the plastic hits every intended curve and corner. Advanced Orientation Tactics Sometimes, a design requires a lip or overhang that naturally creates an undercut. In these cases, orientation is your best tool. By tilting the part on the vacuum bed, you can often neutralize an undercut by turning it into a manageable draft angle relative to the direction of the pull. This technique requires you to extract the part diagonally, but it preserves the complexity of your design without sacrificing the integrity of the finished plastic shell.