Thalidomide is an orally administered medication initially marketed in 1957 in West Germany by Chemie Grünenthal as a tranquilizer and treatment for anxiety, insomnia, and morning sickness. It gained notoriety for causing severe birth defects when taken during pregnancy. Specifically, it can cause limb malformations, and damage to the eyes, ears, brain, and internal organs. The drug was withdrawn from the market in Europe in 1961.
Despite its history, thalidomide has been repurposed for treating certain conditions, including multiple myeloma, graft-versus-host disease, and skin disorders like complications of leprosy. It is also used to treat conditions associated with HIV, such as aphthous ulcers. Thalidomide's mechanism of action includes immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic properties. Due to the high risk of birth defects, its use is strictly controlled, requiring participation in the Thalidomide REMS® program. While pricing can vary, the brand name Thalomid can cost from $1,972.07 for 10 capsules (50 mg) to $40,555.37 for 140 capsules (100 mg). Generic versions are available with prices for 100mg capsules ranging from approximately $0.74 to $1.64 per capsule.