A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), also known as a Brain-Machine Interface (BMI), establishes a direct communication link between the brain's electrical activity and an external device like a computer or robotic limb. BCI's function by capturing and analyzing brain signals, then translating them into commands for external devices. This technology holds potential for individuals with paralysis, muscle atrophy, and other conditions to regain motor functions, restore speech and mobility, aid in stroke recovery, and control smart homes or robotic limbs.
Several companies are actively developing BCI technology, including Neuralink, Synchron, and Blackrock Neurotech. Neuralink, founded by Elon Musk, is known for its N1 chip, which is implanted using a surgical robot. Neuralink's PRIME study involves implanting the N1 device onto the brains of participants with quadriplegia from spinal cord injury or ALS. The device contains threads with electrodes that record neurological activity, transferring it to a connected app. The goal is to translate brain activity into computer controls, enabling users to move a cursor or type using their thoughts. Other BCI systems use non-invasive methods like EEG (electroencephalography), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), or wearable magnetoencephalography (MEG).
While the widespread adoption of BCIs is still years away, experts believe that BCIs could be commercialized by 2030. As of 2023, the initial cost for a BCI ranged between $5,000 and $10,000, with ongoing technical support required. However, the cost to develop a BCI system, from concept to commercial pathway, is approximately $150-$200 million. The brain-computer interface market is forecast to surpass US$1.6 billion in 2045.
