Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in Northwest Africa, existing from 202 BC to 46 BC. Its territory encompassed what is now modern-day Algeria and parts of Tunisia and Libya. The kingdom was initially divided between the Massylii in the east and the Masaesyli in the west, but was unified by King Masinissa during the Second Punic War. Numidia served as both a sovereign state and a Roman client state, later alternating between the two.
Numidia was known for its skilled cavalry, which played a crucial role in the Carthaginian and Roman armies. The kingdom's economy combined settled agriculture with traditional pastoralism, and trade flourished through access to former Carthaginian ports. Key cities in Numidia included Cirta (modern Constantine), which served as the capital, as well as Hippo Regius (Annaba) and Rusicada (Skikda). Today, evidence of Numidia's history can be found in Algeria through remaining structures and roads built during Roman rule. After Jugurtha's defeat, the territory changed hands several times until it was incorporated into Roman territory during the rule of Julius Caesar. Eastern Numidia was annexed in 46 BC to create the Roman province, Africa Nova.