Socrates, an ancient Greek philosopher from Athens (c. 470/469-399 BCE), is considered a foundational figure in Western philosophy. Known for his integrity, self-mastery, and profound philosophical insight, he developed the Socratic method, a form of inquiry and discussion between individuals, based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate underlying presumptions. Socrates himself wrote nothing; his ideas are primarily known through the accounts of his students, most notably Plato and Xenophon.
Socrates's method challenged conventional Athenian beliefs, leading to accusations of impiety and corrupting the youth. He was brought to trial, convicted, and sentenced to death. Choosing principle over exile, he accepted the sentence and died by drinking hemlock. Socrates's legacy lies in his emphasis on ethics, self-examination, and the pursuit of knowledge and virtue. His influence extends to modern debates on academic freedom and the importance of questioning assumptions.