René Girard (1923-2015) was a French-American philosopher, literary critic, and scholar whose interdisciplinary work explored the roots of human behavior and culture. Born in Avignon, France, he immigrated to the United States in 1947. Girard taught at several universities, including Duke, Bryn Mawr, Johns Hopkins, SUNY Buffalo, and Stanford University, where he remained until his retirement in 1995.
Girard is best known for developing mimetic theory, which proposes that human desire is fundamentally imitative. This imitation leads to rivalry and violence, and the scapegoat mechanism becomes a foundation for religion and culture. His work examined the causes of conflict and violence, arguing that human conflict arises not from differences but from sameness, as individuals desire what others desire. Girard's key works include Deceit, Desire, and the Novel (1961), Violence and the Sacred (1972), and Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World (1978). In 2005, he was elected to the Académie Française, and his theories have seen a resurgence in popularity, influencing fields from theology to economics and even capturing the attention of figures in Silicon Valley.