Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English polymath, considered one of the most influential scientists of all time. Born in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, he excelled in mathematics, physics, astronomy, alchemy, theology, and invention. Newton is best known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which remained the dominant scientific viewpoint until Einstein's theory of relativity. His book, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687), is hailed as one of the most important books in the history of physics.
Newton's achievements extend beyond physics. He developed infinitesimal calculus, made significant contributions to optics, including the reflecting telescope, and investigated the nature of light and color. He served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and later as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint. He was also president of the Royal Society. Newton was knighted in 1705 by Queen Anne. He died in London on March 31, 1727, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.