Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the central nervous system, impacting both motor and non-motor functions. Primarily, it affects dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as exposure to toxins. While some cases are linked to genetics, the majority are not. PD is characterized by motor symptoms, including tremors, muscle stiffness (rigidity), slowed movement (bradykinesia), and balance problems. Tremors are often the first and most recognizable symptom, frequently manifesting as a rhythmic shaking, often in one hand. Non-motor symptoms can also be present, even years before motor issues arise, and include depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and loss of smell.
PD affects an estimated 1 million people in the United States, with approximately 90,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Globally, over 10 million people live with the disease, and it's the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's. While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, treatments such as medication, lifestyle adjustments, and surgery can help manage symptoms. Current research is exploring potential environmental triggers, such as viruses, and new therapeutic approaches that target the root causes of the disease, rather than just the symptoms. Recent advances include identifying specific biochemical routes and protein interactions that contribute to the death of neurons, offering potential new targets for drug development.
