Canada is the second-largest country in the world by total area, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific and into the Arctic Ocean. Its border with the United States is the world's longest international land border. Canada transitioned to a self-governing dominion in 1867, maintaining ties with the British crown. The country is a confederation with a parliamentary democracy. Ottawa is the capital, while Toronto is the largest city.
Canada has a population of approximately 41 million as of 2024. While the country is vast, most of the population lives within 160 kilometers of the U.S. border. Canada boasts a diverse population with significant ethnic groups including Canadian, English, French, Scottish, and Irish. English and French are the official languages. Canada's landscape includes plains, mountains, and lowlands, with over half of the country covered in forest. The country also has more fresh water and lakes than any other country combined.