Stoicism, originating in Athens around 300 BCE with Zeno of Citium, is a philosophy emphasizing virtue as the path to a well-reasoned life. Flourishing throughout the Greco-Roman world, it proposes that the universe operates according to reason (logos), urging individuals to cultivate emotional self-control and rational judgment. Stoics strive for "eudaimonia," or lifelong flourishing, by practicing the four cardinal virtues: prudence, fortitude, temperance, and justice.
Key to Stoicism is recognizing the dichotomy of control, distinguishing between what we can and cannot influence. Stoics aim to control their reactions to external events, understanding that true value lies in character and actions, not external possessions. Passions, anxieties, and insecurities are viewed as misguided reactions to be managed through self-discipline. Prominent Stoics include the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius and Seneca. Today, Stoicism is experiencing a revival, finding relevance in modern psychology and self-help.