Social capital refers to the networks of relationships, shared values, and the resultant trust that enables cooperation within and between groups. It's the value derived from positive connections between people. Social capital emphasizes the importance of "who you know" in addition to "what you know". Economist Robert Putnam popularized the concept, defining it as "connections among individuals – social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them". Putnam argued that social capital is declining in the U.S., leading to lower trust in government and reduced civic participation.
Social capital manifests in various forms, including structural, cognitive, and relational aspects. "Bonding" social capital refers to connections within similar groups, while "bridging" involves links between diverse groups. "Linking" social capital describes relationships across power or authority gradients. Examples range from neighborhood communities and professional networks to religious organizations and even online platforms like LinkedIn. The benefits of social capital are wide-ranging, including improved health, reduced crime, economic development, and more effective governance. It strengthens communities, facilitates access to opportunities, and enhances overall well-being.