REST

Overview Structuring a Laravel application requires a disciplined approach to controller design. Instead of creating massive controllers with dozens of disparate methods, developers should aim for a cleaner, more predictable architecture. This guide explores how to limit controller complexity by focusing on two primary patterns: Resourceful and Invocable controllers. This strategy reduces cognitive load and makes routes easier to manage. Prerequisites To implement these patterns, you should have a solid grasp of the Laravel framework, particularly how PHP classes work. Understanding the basics of REST (Representational State Transfer) and CRUD operations is essential, as resourceful controllers directly map to these principles. Familiarity with the `web.php` or `api.php` routing files is also required. Key Libraries & Tools * **Laravel Framework**: The core PHP framework providing the routing and controller engine. * **Artisan CLI**: The command-line interface used to generate boilerplate controller code. * **Composer**: The dependency manager for PHP used to install and update Laravel. Code Walkthrough Resourceful Controllers Resourceful controllers handle standard CRUD actions. When you define a resource route, Laravel expects specific methods like `index`, `create`, `store`, `show`, `edit`, `update`, and `destroy`. ```php // In routes/web.php use App\Http\Controllers\PropertyController; Route::resource('properties', PropertyController::class); ``` You can limit which methods are available using `only` or `except` to keep the API surface small: ```php Route::resource('properties', PropertyController::class)->only(['index', 'show']); ``` Invocable Controllers If a controller performs only one specific action—such as a specialized report or a file download—use the `__invoke` magic method. This turns the entire class into a single-action handler. ```php // In App\Http\Controllers\ExportController.php public function __invoke() { // Single action logic here } ``` In your routes, you no longer need to specify a method name, keeping the declaration incredibly clean: ```php // In routes/web.php Route::get('export', ExportController::class); ``` Syntax Notes Notice that when using an invocable controller, the route definition passes the class name as the second argument without an array or method string. This relies on PHP's magic method functionality. For resourceful routes, Laravel automatically maps the HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) to the corresponding method names in the controller. Practical Examples Imagine a real estate application. You would use a **PropertyController** as a resourceful controller to manage the listing lifecycle (create, edit, delete). However, for a complex feature like **PropertyAnalytics**, which might aggregate data and generate a one-off report, an invocable controller is the superior choice. It isolates the heavy logic into its own dedicated class. Tips & Gotchas Avoid the temptation to add extra methods to an invocable controller; if it needs a second method, it probably should be a resourceful controller or split into two separate invocable classes. While exceptions exist—like an **AnalyticsController** with multiple distinct reporting methods—sticking to these two types for 90% of your code base ensures a consistent and maintainable structure.