Masculinity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with men and boys. It is a social construct that varies across cultures, time periods, and individuals. Traditionally, traits viewed as masculine in Western society include strength, courage, independence, leadership, dominance, and assertiveness. Masculinity is often defined in contrast to femininity, with masculine traits historically considered superior.
The academic study of masculinity gained traction in the late 1980s and early 1990s. There are different forms of masculinity, including hegemonic, subordinated, complicit, and marginalized, each influencing men's lives and societal expectations in distinct ways. Hegemonic masculinity refers to traditional male roles and privileges. Gender transformative education seeks to foster healthy masculinities that dismantle oppressive social norms and create new options and opportunities for men and boys, allowing them to explore their personalities and characters without being restricted by narrow norms.
