Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory and ideology developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It analyzes society through the lens of class struggle and material conditions, arguing that a society's economic system fundamentally shapes its social, political, and intellectual life. Originating in a period of significant social and economic transformation during the Industrial Revolution, Marxism provided a framework for understanding the inequalities between the wealthy bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the working-class proletariat.
At its core, Marxism posits that history is driven by class struggle, particularly between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, who must sell their labor to survive. According to Marx, this relationship is inherently exploitative, leading to alienation, economic crises, and escalating class conflict. Marxism critiques capitalism for creating inequality and alienation, while envisioning a future classless society based on cooperation and shared ownership of the means of production. While predicting a spontaneous revolution by the proletariat, Marxism has also been adapted, such as Leninism, which emphasizes the need for a vanguard party to lead the revolution. Marxist concepts, including alienation, exploitation, and class struggle, have become integral to social sciences and humanities, influencing fields from sociology to cultural studies.