The Enlightenment, also known as the Age of Reason, was a dominant intellectual and cultural movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. It championed reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy. Enlightenment thinkers valued science and reason over blind faith and superstition. They questioned accepted knowledge and religious orthodoxy. Key figures included John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire.
The Enlightenment promoted ideals like individual liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and the separation of church and state. The movement gave rise to rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, and cosmopolitanism. These principles emphasized the power of human reason to gain knowledge through experience and observation, and to make unlimited progress over time. The Enlightenment challenged the authority of monarchies and religious institutions, paving the way for political revolutions. Its legacy includes the emphasis on democratic values, institutions, and the concept of modern, liberal democracies.