The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was established on December 23, 1913, by the Federal Reserve Act, in response to a series of financial panics. The Fed's primary purpose was to enhance the stability of the American banking system. It aims to keep the economy balanced. The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It includes three key entities: the Board of Governors, 12 Federal Reserve Banks, and the Federal Open Market Committee.
The Fed performs five functions to promote the effective operation of the U.S. economy and to serve the public interest. These include conducting monetary policy, promoting stability within financial systems, overseeing and regulating financial institutions, fostering safety and efficiency for payment and settlement systems, and protecting consumers and promoting community development. The current chair of the Federal Reserve is Jerome Powell. He was sworn in as chair on February 5, 2018, and renominated for a second term, which began on May 23, 2022. However, on January 30, 2026, Donald Trump nominated Kevin Warsh to succeed Jerome Powell as Federal Reserve chair. The current vice chair is Philip Jefferson, and the vice chair for supervision is Michelle Bowman.
In recent news, the Federal Reserve held interest rates steady at 3.50% to 3.75% in January 2026. Some Fed officials are signaling potential rate cuts if inflation continues to trend downward. However, other officials are urging patience, citing concerns that the AI boom could be inflationary in the near term. As of February 11, 2026, the Fed's assets stand at $6.6 trillion.