Estrogen is a crucial category of sex hormones primarily known for its significant role in the female reproductive system and the development of secondary sex characteristics. While often labeled as a "female" hormone, estrogen is present and physiologically important in both males and females. In females, it is essential for puberty, the menstrual cycle, fertility, pregnancy, and bone strength. The hormone promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts, widening of the hips, and fat deposition.
There are several forms of estrogen, including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4), each playing different roles, with estradiol being the most potent and prevalent. Estrogen levels fluctuate throughout a woman's life, most notably during the menstrual cycle and menopause. These fluctuations can influence various bodily functions and can sometimes lead to mood changes or other effects. Estrogen also impacts bone health by inhibiting bone breakdown and promoting bone-building cells, and it regulates cholesterol levels, supporting heart health. Furthermore, synthetic and natural estrogens found in the environment, known as xenoestrogens, are considered endocrine-disrupting compounds that may cause health issues in both wildlife and humans.