Nicomachean Ethics

The Lost Art of Living with Intention We often treat philosophy like a museum of dusty artifacts—relics to be observed but never touched. Yet, at its inception, philosophy was a survival mechanism. It was the original manual for the human experience. In a sweeping dialogue, Alex O'Connor and Joe Folley explore why modern intellectualism has drifted so far from this practical origin. We have become experts at debating the mechanics of thought while remaining amateurs at the art of living. The ancient Greeks, particularly Aristotle, didn’t see a divide between the metaphysical structure of the universe and the ethical decisions made in the marketplace. For them, understanding what the world *is* was the only way to determine how we should act *within* it. Today, we suffer from a fragmentation of knowledge. We have epistemologists for knowledge, logicians for proof, and ethicists for behavior. This hyper-specialization often results in "intellectual masturbation," where concepts are refined to a high resolution but offer zero consolation during a personal crisis. True growth requires us to bridge this gap. We must move beyond simply knowing about Stoicism or Epicureanism and start understanding the underlying worldview that makes those practices effective. Without a metaphysical grounding, our ethics are merely "vibes"—preferences we adopt because they feel right in the moment, rather than convictions rooted in reality. Why Your Ethics Require a Metaphysical Anchor If you ask a person on the street why they admire Stoicism, they will likely mention resilience, calm, and emotional regulation. But as Joe Folley points out, the ancient Stoics didn't just decide to be calm; they were calm because they believed the universe was inherently rational and governed by divine providence. Their behavior was a logical consequence of their belief about the nature of reality. Similarly, Epicurus famously argued that death is nothing to us. This wasn't a motivational slogan; it was a conclusion derived from his staunch Materialism. If the soul is made of matter and dissolves upon death, there is no one left to experience suffering. When we strip away these metaphysical commitments, we are left with a hollowed-out version of philosophy. We try to do the ethics without the metaphysics. This creates a ceiling for personal development. If we only adopt practices that align with our pre-existing beliefs, we aren't actually growing; we are just finding sophisticated ways to agree with ourselves. To experience a true mindset shift, we must be willing to entertain new truths about the world. Growth happens when we encounter a concept so compelling that it forces us to change our behavior to remain consistent with our new understanding of reality. The Resurgence of the Fundamental Mind One of the most exciting shifts in contemporary thought is the move away from pure Materialism toward Panpsychism. For decades, we have operated under the assumption that consciousness is an "emergent" property—something that magically appears when matter becomes sufficiently complex. However, this creates the "hard problem" of consciousness: how does physical matter give rise to felt experience? Alex O'Connor notes that more thinkers are now taking seriously the idea that consciousness is fundamental to the universe, much like mass or charge. This isn't just a technical debate for academics; it has profound implications for how we view ourselves and our connection to the world. If consciousness is fundamental, then the boundaries we draw between ourselves and the rest of the universe might be illusory. This aligns with ancient Vadic literature and the reports of those who have experienced "ego death" through meditation or other means. Recognizing that we are part of a unified field of consciousness can be a powerful antidote to the isolation and nihilism of the modern era. It suggests that our individual experiences are localized expressions of a larger whole, providing a sense of belonging that pure materialism cannot offer. Navigating the Darkest Corners of the Human Psyche Personal growth often requires us to look into the abyss. Philosophers like Emil Cioran and Arthur Schopenhauer are often dismissed as depressing, yet there is a strange liberation in their pessimism. Cioran, in particular, found a way to use the inherent suffering of life as a catalyst for a dark, comedic light-heartedness. By lowering the stakes of existence and acknowledging that things will likely go wrong, we can find a sense of relief when they do. This is not about wallowing in despair; it is about building resilience by confronting the worst-case scenario with a sense of irony and courage. Then there is the radical challenge of Anti-natalism, championed by David Benatar. Benatar argues that because pain is more significant than pleasure, it is immoral to bring new life into the world. While this view may seem extreme, it forces us to ask a vital question: What makes life worth living? For Albert Camus, the answer was rebellion. In The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus argues that the very absurdity of life is what gives us the freedom to create our own meaning. Whether we are pushing a boulder or navigating a career, our power lies in our ability to find joy despite the lack of objective purpose. The Fragile Unity of the Self Psychology and philosophy intersect most sharply when we examine the "split-brain" experiments. When the Corpus Callosum is severed, the two hemispheres of the brain can act independently, often without the other knowing why. This reveals that the "unified self" we cherish is often a story told by our "interpreter" hemisphere to make sense of disparate impulses. We are not single, solid entities; we are a parliament of drives and reactions. This insight is essential for self-awareness. If we understand that our brain frequently "confabulates" reasons for our actions, we can become more skeptical of our own excuses. When we feel an impulsive urge or a sudden mood shift, we can recognize it as a drive within the parliament rather than the totality of who we are. This creates the "mental space" necessary for intentional living. We can observe our thoughts and feelings without being enslaved by them, allowing us to choose which drives we want to empower and which we want to let pass. Moving from Emotivism to Authentic Virtue In the realm of meta-ethics, A.J. Ayer proposed Emotivism—the idea that moral statements are merely expressions of emotion. To say "murder is wrong" is essentially to say "boo murder." While this might seem to reduce morality to mere "vibes," it actually highlights the importance of emotional intelligence in our moral lives. Our sense of "wrongness" is an emotional signal, often tied to deep-seated evolutionary taboos like the Incest Taboo. However, Aristotle offers a more constructive path forward through the Nicomachean Ethics. He suggests that virtue is a skill developed through habit. We don't just feel our way to a good life; we practice it. Aristotle also emphasizes the vital role of Friendship in personal growth. He describes "friendships of virtue" where individuals hold each other accountable and strive together toward excellence. In an age of digital isolation, reclaiming the depth and duty of Aristotelian friendship is perhaps the most practical step we can take toward achieving our potential. It reminds us that we are not meant to grow in a vacuum; we achieve our best selves in the company of those who challenge us to be better.