Dr. Rachel Rubin reveals the 23% clitoral adhesion rate affecting women

For decades, women’s health has been funneled almost exclusively into a reproductive silo. We are taught to visit the gynecologist for pregnancy, contraception, and cancer screenings, but rarely for the functional and biological realities of sexual pleasure or urinary comfort. Dr. Rachel Rubin, a board-certified urologist and sexual medicine specialist, argues that this oversight is not just an inconvenience; it is a systemic failure that leaves millions of women suffering from treatable conditions. In a landscape where the word clitoris does not even appear in many graduation requirements for gynecological training, patients are left to navigate complex hormonal shifts with little more than outdated tropes about aging.

The reality is that urologists, often misperceived as ‘men’s doctors,’ are actually the primary specialists for the genitourinary system—an area that includes the bladder, urethra, and vulva. When we separate ‘women’s health’ from the rest of the medical body, we miss the interconnectedness of hormones and general well-being. This disconnection results in women being told to ‘drink a glass of wine’ to solve low libido or to simply ‘grit and bear’ the pain of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). These dismissive recommendations ignore the biological basis of sexual dysfunction and urinary distress.

Understanding the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause and Lactation

One of the most profound revelations in modern sexual medicine is the renaming and redefinition of what was once vaguely called ‘vaginal dryness.’ Today, it is known as Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (GSM). This condition is not a minor symptom of getting older; it is a chronic, progressive decline in the health of the vaginal and urinary tissues due to a lack of hormones. However, the term ‘menopause’ in its name is somewhat misleading. As Dr. Rubin explains, any hormonal fluctuation can trigger these symptoms, including breastfeeding—a state she identifies as Genitourinary Syndrome of Lactation (GSL).

When estrogen and testosterone levels drop, the tissue of the vagina and vulva changes at a cellular level. The tissue becomes thin, fragile, and less acidic. This loss of acidity is critical; the vagina maintains an acidic pH to naturally fight off bad bacteria. When the pH rises, the microbiome shifts, and pathogenic bacteria find it easier to invade the bladder. This is why women in perimenopause, menopause, or those who are breastfeeding experience a drastic spike in UTIs. The root cause is not necessarily hygiene or sexual activity; it is a hormonal deficiency that has left the local environment defenseless. By micro-dosing vaginal estrogen, women can restore the health of this tissue, fix the microbiome, and reduce the risk of UTIs by more than 50%.

The four buckets of essential hormone therapy

To navigate the complexity of women’s health, Dr. Rubin utilizes a ‘four bucket’ framework. This allows patients and clinicians to look at hormone therapy not as a single, scary pill, but as a customizable toolbox. The first bucket is whole-body estrogen, delivered via patches, gels, or pills, primarily used to treat systemic symptoms like hot flashes and to prevent osteoporosis. The second is whole-body progesterone, which is essential for those with a uterus to prevent uterine thickening and can also aid in sleep and mood stabilization.

The third bucket is whole-body testosterone. Despite being culturally labeled a ‘male hormone,’ testosterone is vital for women. It typically begins to drop in a woman’s 30s, long before the onset of menopause. Deficiency in this hormone can lead to low libido, brain fog, and a loss of muscle tone in the pelvic floor. The fourth and arguably most important bucket for daily quality of life is localized vaginal hormones. Unlike systemic Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), these micro-doses stay within the local tissue. They do not circulate through the bloodstream in significant amounts, making them safe even for women who have been told they cannot have traditional HRT due to a history of breast cancer.

Identifying clitoral adhesions and the hidden anatomy

Perhaps the most shocking statistic Dr. Rubin shares is that one in four women—23% of the female population—suffers from clitoral adhesions. This condition occurs when the prepuce (the clitoral hood) becomes stuck to the head of the clitoris, often trapping debris or ‘smegma’ underneath. This can cause significant pain, irritation, or a complete lack of sensation. Despite its prevalence, it is almost never screened for during standard gynecological exams because many doctors are never taught to examine clitoral anatomy.

The clitoris is the only organ in the human body dedicated solely to pleasure, yet it remains shrouded in medical mystery. Much like a penis, the clitoris has a head, a shaft, and internal ‘legs’ that extend down to the pelvic bones. When adhesions form, they function like an eyelash stuck in an eye; they cause a constant, irritating ‘awareness’ of the genitals that can make sexual touch or even wearing tight clothing unbearable. Dr. Rubin advocates for an office-based procedure to separate these adhesions, which has shown a 60-70% improvement in sexual arousal and orgasm. This is not about cosmetic surgery; it is about functional restoration of an organ that has been medically ignored for centuries.

Overcoming the 2002 Women’s Health Initiative tragedy

Much of the current fear surrounding hormones stems from a single event: the 2002 publication of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study. This study was halted early, and a subsequent press conference sparked global hysteria by claiming that hormone therapy caused breast cancer and heart disease. The fallout was immediate. Millions of women threw their prescriptions in the trash, and a generation of doctors stopped learning how to prescribe hormones.

Years of re-analysis have shown that the data was grossly misinterpreted. The women in the study were significantly older than the average perimenopausal woman, and the risks were vastly overstated. Even more tragic is that localized vaginal estrogen was lumped into the same ‘black box’ warning labels as systemic pills, despite having no systemic risk. It was only in February 2026 that the FDA officially removed these misleading box labels from vaginal hormone products. This correction marks the beginning of a new era where women can finally access life-saving and life-improving medications without the paralyzing fear of a stroke or blood clot that was never actually a risk with these localized products.

How to build your medical pit crew

The path forward requires a shift from passive patient to the CEO of your own health. Dr. Rubin encourages women to build a ‘pit crew’ of medical professionals. If a doctor dismisses your pain or tells you that your symptoms are just a part of aging, they are not the right person for your team. Real growth happens when you take intentional steps to educate yourself and demand a diagnosis rather than a dismissal.

Preparation for a 10-minute medical appointment is crucial. Use specific anatomical language: mention the vulvar vestibule if you have entry pain, or ask for a screening for clitoral adhesions if touch is uncomfortable. Requesting vaginal estrogen specifically for UTI prevention is a medically backed strategy that any primary care doctor can and should facilitate. By arming yourself with the data and the vocabulary of your own body, you reclaim the power to navigate your health journey with confidence and resilience.